Peniaga Yang Kuasai Ekonomi Kedah 1909-1941
Dalam membaca mengenai penguasaan ekonomi oleh kapiatalis imigran ketemu sebuah tesis yang mengkaji topik sama. Tesis bertajuk "Peranan orang Cina dalam perkembangan ekonomi Kedah 1909-1941". Kajian seliaan Ahmad Kamal Ariffin bin Mohd Rus dan Suffian Mansor.
Kandungan:
Pengenalan, Kegiatan ekonomi orang Cina Kedah sebelum 1909; Peranan orang Cina dalam sektor pertanian padi 1909-1941; Peranan orang Cina dalam sektor perladangan getah 1909-1941; Peranan orang Cina dalam perniagaan candu, judi dan arak, Peranan orang Cina dalam kegiatan perlombongan bijih timah; Kesimpulan.
Sumber: um repo 2018 (link).
Terbitan 2010 (Rm53)
Source: buy and sell used books (link).
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Tesis Cornell - Labour And Tin Mining In Malaya
Sebuah tesis "LTM in M" oleh Nim Chee Siew di Cornell Uni pada tahun 1953. Tebal tebal 71 m/surat. Nim memperolehi BEcons dari University Malaya pada 1951.
Kandungan:
Historical Survey; Independent mining labour; Dependent mining labour; Conditions of labour; Labour legislation and inspection.
Source: Folder D:\julai5 chinese capitalism.
Sebuah buku - Tin mining in Malaysia (USD46)
Tin Mining in Malaysia, 1800-2000: The Osborne & Chappel Story David Palmer & Michael Joll [penang bookshelf - link].
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Tokoh Pelombong Kapitalis Awal Kurun Ke-20
Beberapa nama pelombong kapitalis pada awal kurun ke20 - page 79.
Loke Yew
Chan Sow Lin
San Ah Wing - died Dec 1953 [anak kepada San Peng; San Ah Wing alias San Bai Hui was a banker, miner, merchant
and public official].
Loke Chow Kit
Loke Chow Thye - died June 1931, in Penang. [bspot - link]
Choo Cheng Kay [Choo Cheng Kay 1868-1959, who was a famous tin ore miner and
businessman in the 1930s].
Lee Kong Lam. [punya lombong di Batang Kali -arkib negara (link)].
Loh Ah Tong & Lo Beng Quang (Perlis) [The Loh family in perlis - bspot link and annual report perlis 1328 H - link].
Signage Jalan San Ah Wing
[lokasi sekitar Jalan Semarak]
Baca "A quiet street named for pioneer". thestar - link.
"Chinese contributions since mid-1800s". the edgemarket (link).
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Faktor Kejayaan Penguasaan Pelombong Kapitalis
Ada beberapa faktor yang menjadikan pelombong kapitalis berjaya menguasai ekonomi industri timah Malaya. Pada peringak awal penguasan pelombong kapitalis dicapai melalui sistem yang dipanggil primitive capital accumulation (PCA). Poin yang dinyatakan ini adalah petikan bacaan m/surat 77 buku Tai Yuen.
PCA is defined as a process of capital accumulation preceding and preparing for the rise of modern industrial capitalism. PCA means the accumulation of capital by way of employment of labor under bondage features and the use of extraordinary measure to enhance profit. The process involved;
i) the employment of large numbers of indentured labourers,
ii) the use of coercion to keep labor under control,
iii) exploitation of labourers through the exclusive supply of consumption goods,
iv) the capture of labourers' saving through opium dens and gambling houses, and
v) the restriction on labourers freedom movement.
All these combined enabled the tin mining capitalist to reap extraordinary profits. The indentured labourers were called sinkhehs (new migrants) as distinguished from the laukhehs (old hands freed from indenture). The employment of indentured labourers end under the law in 1914.
Prominent Hakka tin miners
Sumber: emily2u dot com - link.
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Faktor Merangsang Kapitalis Pelombong
Kedatangan kolonial British memberi pengaruh besar kepada peningkatan ekonomi kapitalis pelombong bijih. Mereka diterima baik oleh kolonial dan dimasa sama terus menerima dokongan dan sokongan kolonial. Selanjutnya golongan kapitalis pelombong terus menerima banya manfaat dari kolonial British.
Hal tersebut berlaku kerana faktor berikut (bacaan m/surat 75 buku Tai Yuen);
For the colonial authorities, Chinese capitalist development served their purposes;
i) it supported the establishment of colonial administrations,
ii) generated the revenue necessary for building the infrastructure,
iii) created a socio-demographic environment suitable for colonial development,
iv) established the status of the Malayan tin industry in the world market and in the minds of potential British investors at home.
Mining land leases were granted to the Chinese on liberal terms, infrastructure such as roads and railways were gradually provided and in some casesloans were extended to the successful miners.
Chung Keng Kwee - Kapitan dan kapitalis lombong Malaya
Baca "Hitting pay dirt in Perak - best tin mining museum in msia". the island drum - link.
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Pengusaha Lombong Chee Yam Chuan dan Penguasa Period 1800-an
Pembukaan lombong oleh pemodal Cina di Lukut adalah atas galakan Raja Jumaat. Beliau mendapati orang Melayu kurang upaya dan usaha dalam menambah besar lombong. Pekerja lombong juga tidak mencukupi dan produksi rendah kerana kurang modal. Manakala di Lembah Kelang Raja Abdullah mendapat pinjaman biaya sebanyak $30,000 dari dua towkay iaitu Chee Yam Chuan dan Lim Say Ho.
Chee Yam Chuan (1819-1862)
source: geni dot com (link)
Baca chee yam chuan bspot (link) dan chee family malacca (link); king's hotel milik keluarga chee (link).
Baca juga museum volunteers - link.
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Perlombongan Bijih Timah Pulau Bangka dan Malaya
Pelombong Cina terlibat dengan perlombongan bijih di Nusantara bermula pada awal 1700-an. Pada period tersebut mereka mengusaha lombong di Pulau Bangka Indonesia. Menjelang 1824 terdapat seramai 200 pelombong Cina di Lukut dan 400 pelombong di Perak. Berikutnya pada 1828 ada seramai 1000 pelombong Cina di Sungai Ujong N9.
Petikan bacaan Chinese Capitalism in Colonial Malaya - page 73:
Chinese participation in tin mining industry in Malaya was significant in three aspects -
First, this marked the beginning of the modern Malayan tin mining industry based on the use of capital and labor on an extensive scale.
Second, the Chinese tin mining industry emerged as the most important branch of the Chinese economy by the end of the 19th century, surpassing trade and cash crop plantations in terms of employment and revenue.
Third, it laid the foundation for the further growth of the industry as the leading tin producer in the world.
Location of the Bangka and Belitung province in Indonesia. The two largest islands, in order, are Bangka, then Belitung.
Baca "About tin mining in Bangka". mining indonesia - link.
Bangka Tourist Map
[sumber - tourism (link)]
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Artikel Museum dan Pendudukan Jepun Di Tanah Melayu
Abu Talib Ahmad menulis sebuah artikel berkait museum serta pendudukan Jepun di Tanah Melayu. Artikel dicari kerana menjadi rujukan dalam penulisan buku War Memory. Artikel tebal 28 m/surat. Ia termuat dalam buku "Reflections on Southeast Asian History Since 1945" terbitan USM (link).
Sumber: usm - link. 14/28
Terbitan Usm (Rm30)
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