Islam di Romania
Romania merupakan sebuah negara kecil berjiran dengan Hungary. Menurut laporan bilangan penduduk Muslim di Romania cuma 64,000 amat minoriti (sekitar 0.34% total penduduk Romania). Ottoman Turki pernah memasuki wilayah Romania pada penghujung kurun ke-15. Maka merekalah yang menjadi penduduk asal Muslim iaitu kebanyakannya di sekitar Constanta.
Masjid Carol I, Constanta - mula dibina pada 1910
Baca "Romania: a beacon of coexistence for Muslims in Eastern Europe". Link - aljazeera 2019.
Baca "Muslims in Romania". Link isim newsletter 3/99.
Baca "The Muslims Gypsies in Romania". Link isim newsletter 8/01.
Baca "The Carol I Mosque in Constanta". Link - old history dan beautiful mosque.
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Labels: Islam
Grand Vizier Rustem Pasha (d.1561)
Rustem Pasya adalah tokoh Ottoman pada period Suleyman (r.1512-1566). Rustem terlibat dalam pembunuhan Mustafa yang ketika itu adalah pembesar Ottoman yang menjadi calun utama mengganti Suleyman. Isteri Suleyman bernama Hurrem Sultan berkomplot bersama Rustem Pasya untuk menaikan salah seorang anak Hurrem bagi mengganti Suleyman. Komplot inilah yang membawa kepada pembunuhan Mustafa.
Rustem Pasya yang memegang jawatan Grand Vizier adalah juga menantu kepada Suleyman. Beliau mengahwini anak Hurrem Sultan. Sebagai pembesar Rustem pastinya mempunyai pengaruh yang kuat. Satu petikan dari sebuah artikel ada memuatkan info mengenai kekayaan Rustem yang ditinggal ketika kematian beliau.
Petikan (link):
While the Prince Mustafa, the heir of the Ottoman Empire
which spread over three continents, being murdered, the Grand Vizier Rüstem
Pasha was murdered in his bed. When we look at the wealth that Rüstem Pasha
left behind, an image will appear in the reader’s eye about the power that
bureaucracy had in “century”. A thousand and seven hundred slaves, two thousand and nine
hundred horses, a thousand and 160
camels, 780 thousand coins-i hasene, five thousand hilat, one thousand and 100 gold üsküf, two thousand cargo seals, two
thousand armor, 100 silver saddles, 500 jeweled golden saddles, 130 pairs of
golden stirrups, 760 jeweled swords, one thousand and 500 silvery helmets, a
thousand silvered Şeşper. Approximately one thousand farms in Anatolia and
Rumelia, this wealth would be considered tremendously even today.
Rustem Pasha Mosque (wiki)
Built during 1561-63 and located in Eminonu, Istanbul, this
is an Imperial Ottoman mosque of great significance. It was designed by the
famed Imperial Architect Mimar Sinan for the Grand Vizier Damat Rüstem Pasha,
husband of Princess Mihrimah, daughter of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman “the Magnificent”.
Source: my city dot com - link.
Baca juga rustem pasha - wiki.
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Mihrimah Anak Perempuan Suleyman dan Hurrem Sultan
Mihrimah lahir sekitar 1522, adalah anak kepada Suleyman (d.1566) bersama isteri beliau Hurrem Sultan (d.1558). Mihrimah adalah isteri Rustem Pasha (1561). Mihrimah meninggal dunia pada 1578 (wiki).
Petikan - link
Mihrimah was the only daughter of the Ottoman Sultan
Süleyman I and his favorite concubine, later his wife, Hurrem. This paper argues that Mihrimah’s gender
allowed her to form a unique relationship with her father. Mihrimah’s marriage to Rüstem Pasha, who
became grand vizier in 1544 gave Mihrimah, Rustem and Hurrem together more
influence over Süleyman than any other faction during his reign. They worked to promote to positions of
authority their closest relatives, such as Rustem’s brother, Sinan Pasha,
appointed admiral in 1550 despite his inexperience in naval matters and his
difficulty in working with experienced seamen. Their influence led to the execution of Süleyman’s eldest son, Mustafa,
who was the son of his first favorite, because their future power and
prosperity depended on one of Hurrem’s sons inheriting the throne. Succession struggles arose between Hurrem’s
sons, but since Mihrimah could not inherit the sultanate, she developed a
closer relationship with her father than her brothers.
Mihrimah became advisor to the sultan when Hurrem died. Mihrimah advised Süleyman to attack the
Knights of Malta, offering to equip 400 ships at her own expense. That Mihrimah
had the wealth to fund such an enormous fleet suggests the extent of the
resources she controlled. Mihrimah was allowed to construct pious foundations
in Istanbul. An inscription over the door of the mosque built in her name by
her father claimed that Mihrimah was “patron of pious foundations, protector of
the state and the world and the faith, the princess … daughter of … Sultan
Süleyman Khan…”
Mihrimah was the only one of Süleyman’s children to be buried
with him in his türbe, highlighting that in death as in life she had a unique
relationship with her father that was only possible because she was a daughter.
Hurrem Sultan Mosque and Complex
Source: islamic art museum - link.
The Haseki Sultan Mosque designed by the famous architect
Mimar Sinan was built in 1539 in Istanbul. The mosque was extended eastward at
the start of 17th century in 1613 by Hasan Bey, the trustee of the foundation.
The building was damaged in the fires of 1660 and 1918 and in the earthquake of
1894 but was reconstructed each time. The whole complex or kulliye of Haseki
Sultan Mosque consists of a madrasa, a hospital (Haseki Dar al-Shifa), and a
soup kitchen (imaret). The Haseki Dar al-Shifa was also built by Mimar Sinan in
1539 for Sultana Hürrem. The building is still used as a polyclinic by Haseki
State Hospital.
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Bacaan Sulayman - Kenapa Bunuh Mustafa?
Bahan bacaan mengenai Ottoman Suleyman memang banyak khususnya berkait pembunuhan anak beliau Mustafa pada 1553. Antaranya adalah:
Why was prince Mustafa killed? - link.
Petikan:
The supreme of the Ottoman Sultans, aged their princes along
with him. In this respect, perhaps Suleyman's memories of his father, Sultan Yavuz
Selim, unthroning his grandfather Sufi Bayezid with the support of the
Janissaries had been effective. Süleyman, who was the greatest ruler of the
world in his period, was seeing each of his princes as a potential Yavuz. When
the princes complete their youthfulness and turned into middle-aged governors
of a sanjak, problems started anyway. These was in a position that they each
have their own little provincial army, take the support of public opinion
composed of İstanbul tradesfolk and Janissaries in a certain extent.
Rustem Pasha caravaserai in edirne - turkish archaeo - link
3 Successes and 3 Failures of the Reign of Suleiman the
Magnificent. history collection - link
Malika IV: Hürrem Sultan (Roxolana). saudi aramco - link.
Hurem Sultan: A beloved wife or master manipulator? prof ekrem article link
the sultanate of women - link
Selimiye Mosque, Konya
Dibina oleh Selim II sekitar 1558 ketika beliau sehzade dan siap pada 1570 setelah bergelar Sultan - wiki.
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Ottoman Suleyman (r.1520-1566)
Sultan Sulaiman naik takhta Ottoman menggantikan ayah beliau, Selim I, yang meninggal dunia pada 1520. Dalam sesetengah buku mencatat bahawa pada awal Sulayman naik takhta berlaku banyak pembunuhan terhadap ahli keluarga. Mereka dibunuh kerana bimbang menimbulkan kekacauan merebut takhta. Namun catatan mengenai Sulayman dalam buku Maksudoglu tidak menyentuh langsung mengenai pembunuhan tersebut.
Maksdudoglu memfokus kepada misi yang dilakukan oleh Sulayman melebarkan wilayah penguasaan Ottoman. Secara ringkas misi yang dilakukan adalah seperti berikut:
1521: opening of Belgrade to Islam.
1522: opening of Rhodes Island to Islam.
1526: Battle of Mohacs - Hungary falls to Ottoman.
1529: First siege of Vienna.
1532: the third campaign on Hungary.
1534: Campaign on al-Iraqayn and conquest of Baghdad.
1541: the fourth campaign on Hungary.
1547: the fifth campaign on Hungary.
1549: Campaign on Iran
1513-1565: Naval activities.
Bajrakli Mosque, Belgrade
the only mosque in Belgrade, built circa 1575
source: belgrade attraction - link
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